What is a personality disorder?

Each of us has a different personality. It’s the unique combination of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make you you. Some personality traits might be genetic, while others seem to be influenced by experiences or the environment. 

The world is full of a seemingly endless variety of personalities. But, amid this complexity, most people adhere to some basic cultural norms. In other words, we tend to operate within a social contract that defines what’s considered “typical” by our friends, family, and community. 

Now, you probably know someone who likes to march to the beat of their own drum, question the status quo, or live life on their own terms (or maybe that person is you). However, this isn’t the same as having a personality disorder. Personality disorders occur when a person thinks, feels, or behaves in ways that vary significantly from the norms of their culture and this negatively affects their life in serious ways. 

People with personality disorders may not see their unusual thoughts or behaviors as having a negative impact on their lives. Nonetheless, these differences often create serious impairments. People with personality disorders usually require professional help to manage their mental health.

What are the different types of personality disorders?

There are 10 different types of personality disorders. Each condition has a distinct set of symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and outlook. These 10 conditions are organized into three clusters that share some common features.

Cluster A personality disorders

• Paranoid personality disorder (PPD) is characterized by intense, ongoing paranoia. People with this condition have an extreme fear of and/or distrust in others and mistakenly believe someone or something is trying to hurt them.
• Schizoid personality disorder (ScPD) is associated with extreme antisocial tendencies. People with this condition typically prefer to be alone.
• Schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) is characterized by unusual thought, behavior, and speech patterns. People with this condition tend to experience isolation, as they’re usually uncomfortable with close relationships.

Cluster B personality disorders

• Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is associated with ongoing harmful behaviors, like manipulation, exploitation, or violating others’ rights without remorse. People with this condition may show aggression, break the law, or face legal trouble.
• Borderline personality disorder (BPD) leads to chronic emotional dysregulation, an unstable sense of self, and relationship challenges. People with this condition may struggle with impulsivity and feelings of emptiness.
• Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is characterized by an intense need for attention and admiration from others. People with this condition may appear highly dramatic and have difficulty controlling their emotions.
• Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) leads to an overinflated sense of self-worth and a belief in one’s own superiority. People with this condition may exploit others for their own gain and see themselves as deserving of special treatment.

Cluster C personality disorders 

• Avoidant personality disorder (AVPD) may cause people to avoid others because of intense fears of rejection. People with this condition often appear very shy and believe that they aren’t as good as others.
• Dependent personality disorder (DPD) is characterized by  an overreliance on other people, even at the person’s own expense. People with this condition typically believe they need to be taken care of and will tolerate poor treatment to prevent losing relationships.
• Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) leads to a profound fixation with order and control. People with this condition tend to be inflexible and perfectionistic. OCPD isn’t the same as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

How are personality disorders different from other mental health conditions?

Like other mental health conditions, personality disorders can negatively affect your well-being and ability to function in important areas of your life. However, there are some key differences between personality disorders and other mental health conditions. 

For example, most mood disorders, like depression and bipolar disorder, tend to affect a person’s internal experience, such as their mood and thoughts. But personality disorders often manifest externally, impacting how a person interacts with others and engages with the world. These conditions usually have a greater impact on how a person connects with others and engages with the world around them.  

Another important distinction is that, while mood disorders and anxiety disorders can lead to unwanted thoughts or feelings, they don’t typically cause symptoms like a need for attention, paranoia, or manipulative tendencies. These symptoms are more closely associated with personality disorders.

How serious are personality disorders?

Personality disorders are complex conditions that can be difficult to treat. But, with the right support, people can make significant strides in improving their well-being. For example, some personality disorders, like borderline personality disorder, can improve with therapy and other types of support. However, a person’s outlook for treatment is typically shaped by the severity of their symptoms and their ability to engage with care. 

Unfortunately, many people with personality disorders don’t receive the care they need. Left untreated, personality disorders can lead to problems in various areas of life, including work, relationships, and overall mental health. In some cases, untreated personality disorders can put a person’s life at risk.* So if you or someone you care about is showing signs of a personality disorder, don’t hesitate to ask for help. With early detection and ongoing support, you can learn to manage your symptoms and improve your quality of life.

*The 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline offers 24/7 confidential support through trained crisis counselors. If you or someone you care about is experiencing emotional distress, self-harm, or a suicidal crisis, please call or text 988. For life-threatening emergencies or immediate assistance, call 911.

Find care with Rula

Personality disorders can create challenges in many aspects of life. However, with the right support and treatment, people can learn to better understand and manage their symptoms. Treatment options, like therapy and skill building, can lead to real progress, improving relationships, work life, and overall well-being. 

While the symptoms of personality disorders may sometimes be hard to recognize, seeking help is a powerful first step toward healing. Encouragement from a loved one can make a significant difference in someone’s journey toward recovery, offering hope for a more balanced and fulfilling life.

If you or a loved one needs mental healthcare, we want to welcome you to Rula. In just a few clicks, we can connect you with an in-network therapist who can provide specialized care, no matter the challenge you’re facing. You can start the process today using our therapist-matching program to select a provider and make your first live video appointment for as soon as tomorrow.

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