Neurodevelopmental disorders: Causes, symptoms, and diagnosis

Neurodevelopmental disorders, like ADHD and autism, affect over 300 million people worldwide, but we’re still learning about their causes. While research has uncovered important insights into the genetic and environmental factors involved, there’s still much we don’t fully understand. 

What we do know is that early diagnosis and intervention can make a world of difference. Living with a neurodevelopmental disorder doesn’t mean that something is “wrong” with you — it just means that your brain works differently. Recognizing the signs of a neurodevelopmental disorder and seeking support as early as possible can help children grow up with confidence and develop better adaptive functioning skills.

What causes neurodevelopmental disorders?

Neurodevelopmental disorders have many different causes, and researchers are still working to learn more. So far, we know that they’re typically caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Genetics play a significant role in the development of neurodevelopmental disorders. Research shows that autism is around 80% genetic, and ADHD is up to 74% genetic. This means that if you have a close blood relative who lives with a neurodevelopmental disorder, you’re much more likely to have one yourself.

There may also be environmental factors that can contribute to neurodevelopmental conditions. For example, researchers have found that people with ADHD are much more likely to have experienced trauma, though more research needs to be done to determine a strong causal link.

Environmental factors during pregnancy and birth also appear to play a large role. Some potential causes include:

• Low birth weight
• Prenatal exposure to drugs or alcohol
• Maternal infections or stress during pregnancy
• Premature birth
• Environmental contaminants, like lead

There are also harmful myths surrounding the causes of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism being caused by vaccines or poor parenting. Research has repeatedly shown that these claims are false. Combating this type of misinformation is crucial to creating better understanding and support for these conditions.

How can you recognize neurodevelopmental disorder symptoms?

According to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), neurodevelopmental disorders are “a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period.” In other words, people with these conditions begin to show symptoms during early childhood or adolescence. But in some cases, the symptoms may not be noticeable until later.

Each neurodevelopmental disorder has a unique set of symptoms. However, pediatricians and child therapists look for some key signs that could suggest a child has a neurodevelopmental disorder. These signs include:

• Delayed or impaired speech development, such as not meeting communication milestones or having difficulties with reading and writing
• Behavioral problems, like aggression, hyperactivity, or impulsivity
• Emotional outbursts or difficulties with emotional regulation, which allow children to soothe themselves
• Impaired social skills or trouble forming age-appropriate relationships
• Learning difficulties that affect academic performance
• Repetitive behaviors or physical movements (also called stimming)
• Problems with motor control or coordination

If you notice these signs in your child or are concerned about their developmental milestones, it’s best to speak with their pediatrician. Early intervention can be key to helping children grow their confidence and self-esteem.

When and where are neurodevelopmental disorders diagnosed?

The symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders usually appear during the preschool years, but diagnoses often happen later. On average, children with ADHD are diagnosed at age seven. Autism is most often diagnosed around age four, though it can reliably be diagnosed as early as two years old. 

Still, many children with neurodevelopmental disorders grow up to be adults without ever receiving a diagnosis. In recent years, more adults are seeking out their own diagnoses and treatment after living undiagnosed for most of their lives.

These late diagnoses show why it’s important to get children tested for neurodevelopmental disorders as soon as they show signs. When children grow up with undiagnosed conditions, they may internalize their struggles or blame themselves for their symptoms. 

The right diagnosis provides a scientific explanation for why certain things might be more difficult and can help children develop a stronger sense of self. Early intervention can also teach children with neurodevelopmental disorders adaptive functioning skills, making it more likely that they’ll be able to live independently as adults.

Who can provide a diagnosis?

A number of medical professionals can diagnose neurodevelopmental disorders, so you don’t necessarily need to see a psychologist. These professionals include:

• Pediatricians
• Neurologists
• General practitioners
• Psychiatrists
• Psychologists

If you believe that your child is showing signs of a neurodevelopmental disorder, your pediatrician can be a good first resource to get the support you need.

If you’re an adult who believes you may have an undiagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder, it’s helpful to see a provider who specializes in this area. A specialist can provide more detailed information about what it’s like to live with the condition as an adult and help you better understand yourself.

Find care with Rula

Navigating the world with a neurodevelopmental disorder — especially when it’s undiagnosed — can impact your relationships and functioning. Getting the right diagnosis is key to understanding yourself better and developing a strong sense of self-esteem.

With our network of over 10,000 providers, Rula can help you find a therapist that specializes in neurodevelopmental disorders and accepts your insurance. In just a few minutes, we’ll match you with a therapist so you can start receiving support as soon as tomorrow.

Find support with Rula