What is a mood disorder?

Mood disorders are mental health conditions that can affect a person’s emotional state. These conditions are among the most common mental health concerns, affecting nearly 10% of adults in the U.S. in a given year. You may be familiar with mood disorders like depression or bipolar disorder. However, several other mood disorders aren’t as well known. 

While each mood disorder has distinct diagnostic criteria, they share a common feature of causing significant disruptions to emotional states. Some mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder, are characterized by both highs (manic or hypomanic episodes) and lows (depressive episodes), while others, like major depressive disorder, involve only depressive episodes. Unlike occasional mood shifts, these episodes can seriously impact functioning and quality of life.

We don’t yet fully understand what causes mood disorders. But most experts agree they likely arise due to a combination of internal and external forces. From a biological perspective, they may be tied to an imbalance in brain chemicals called neurotransmitters, like serotonin and dopamine. Differences in the structure of the brain may also be a risk factor for mood disorders. However, genetics and environment may play a role, too.

Fortunately, mood disorders are treatable. With the right support, people with these conditions can learn to navigate their emotions and live full, balanced lives. Learning more about the signs and symptoms of mood disorders can be an important first step in seeking the support you need to manage your mental health.

What types of mood disorders are there?

There are several different types of mood disorders, including:

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

MDD is characterized by chronic low mood, a loss of interest in activities you used to enjoy, and a sense of hopelessness or worthlessness. It can lead to social isolation, difficulty concentrating and making decisions, and, in severe cases, self-harm and suicidality.* MDD is one of the most common mood disorders, affecting about 8.3% of U.S. adults.

Bipolar disorder 

There are two different types of bipolar disorder: bipolar I and bipolar II. Both types can cause periods of euphoric mood, hyperactivity, inflated sense of self, and risky behavior. In bipolar I, these ‘highs’ are full manic episodes, while in bipolar II, they are less intense hypomanic episodes. These elevated states are typically followed by periods of depression, which can vary in severity. About 2.8% of U.S. adults had bipolar disorder in the past year.

Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)

Previously referred to as dysthymia, PDD is characterized by nearly constant, low-grade depression. To be diagnosed with PDD, you must experience a depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, over at least two years, along with at least two additional symptoms of depression. PDD affects approximately 1.5% of U.S. adults.

Cyclothymia

Considered a mild form of bipolar disorder, cyclothymia is a mood condition characterized by periods of high and low mood. However, these periods don’t meet the full criteria for manic or depressive episodes. These mood fluctuations must persist for at least two years in adults (one year in children and adolescents). Less than 1% of U.S. adults live with cyclothymia.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

SAD is a condition characterized by symptoms of depression at certain times of the year. Many people with SAD experience low mood during the cold, dark winter months. However, it’s possible to have SAD in the spring and summer, too. It is estimated approximately 5% of U.S. adults experience SAD each year.

*A note on safety: If you or a loved one is in emotional distress or a suicidal crisis, please call or text 988. The 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline provides 24/7, confidential support with trained crisis counselors. If it’s an emergency, call 911. 

Unspecified mood disorder 

Measuring mood changes can be complex, and it isn’t an exact science. While mood disorder symptoms tend to follow recognizable patterns, this isn’t always the case. 

You can experience emotional shifts severe enough to impact your functioning without meeting the diagnostic criteria for one of the better-understood mood disorders. When this happens, you may be diagnosed with an unspecified mood disorder. If you receive this diagnosis, rest assured your provider can offer a tailored treatment plan based on your unique needs.

How serious is a mood disorder?

Just like other mental health concerns, mood disorders can range in severity. With the right support, people with mood disorders can thrive. 

However, for those who may not have access to treatment or whose symptoms are more serious, mood disorders can be destabilizing. Left untreated, mood disorders can impact many aspects of your life. They can negatively affect your relationships as well as your ability to function at home, work, or school. 

Mood disorders can also lead to other health complications. They can increase your risk of co-occurring mental health concerns like anxiety disorders and substance use disorders. But they can also impact your physical health, too. Mood disorders can increase your risk of heart disease, diabetes, and other diseases.

If you think you might have a mood disorder, working with a therapist is the best way to determine your diagnosis and get support.

Can mood disorders be cured with time?

Mood disorders are lifelong conditions typically first appearing during adolescence. But the onset of a mood disorder can take place at any age, including adulthood. There’s no cure for mood disorders, and about half of all people with these conditions will experience recurring symptoms, even after a period of remission. 

However, with early detection and ongoing intervention, mood disorders can be effectively managed. This typically involves a combination of self-care strategies, therapy, and medication. Because there are several different types of mood orders, the exact approach your provider takes will reflect your symptoms and individual strengths and challenges.

Find care with Rula

Everyone experiences highs and lows sometimes. Most people will enjoy moments of happiness and excitement while also facing periods of sadness or despair. These are natural human emotions, and they can change for many reasons. However, being in a “bad mood” and having a mood disorder are two different things. So if your mood changes are negatively affecting your mental health or quality of life, know that you’re not alone and help is available. 

At Rula, we make it easy to connect with our network of 10,000+ providers who can support you with whatever issues you’re facing. Check out our therapist-matching program today to find an in-network provider and meet with a therapist via live video as soon as tomorrow.

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